Simplified model of the resistance of a rolling wheel, dependent on vertical wheel load (due to gravity, i.e. static only), inclination and rolling resistance coefficient:
flange.f = Cr * fWeight * cos(alpha)
The rolling resistance coefficient Cr
is either constant (given by the parameter CrConstant)
or prescribed by the input cr.
The inclination is either constant (parameter
inclinationConstant) or prescribed by the input
inclination. This corresponds to the road rise over
running distance of 100 m which, in general, is written as
a percentage and is equal to tan(α). For example
for a road rising by 10 m over 100 m the
grade = 10 % and, thus, the inclination is 0.1.
Positive inclination means driving uphill, negative inclination
means driving downhill, in case of positive vehicle velocity.
The rolling resistance is independent of velocity here, but
changes its direction with the direction of velocity. To avoid
numerical problems around zero velocity, the rolling resistance is
regularized accordingly within [-v0, v0].
Therefore static friction at vehicle's standstill is not taken into
account.