Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal

Ideal electrical elements such as switches, diode, transformer, operational amplifier

Information

This package contains electrical components with idealized behaviour. To enable more realistic applications than it is possible with pure realistic behavior some components are improved by additional features. E.g. the switches have resistances for the open or close case which can be parametrized.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Package (Icon for standard packages).

Package Content

Name	Description
IdealDiode	Ideal diode
IdealThyristor	Ideal thyristor
IdealGTOThyristor	Ideal GTO thyristor
IdealTwoWaySwitch	Ideal two-way switch
IdealIntermediateSwitch	Ideal intermediate switch
ControlledIdealTwoWaySwitch	Controlled ideal two-way switch
ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch	Controlled ideal intermediate switch
IdealOpAmp	Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair)
IdealOpAmp3Pin	Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair), but 3 pins
IdealOpAmpLimited	Ideal operational amplifier with limitation
IdealizedOpAmpLimited	Idealized operational amplifier with limitation
IdealTransformer	Ideal transformer core with or without magnetization
Idle	Idle branch
Short	Short cut branch
IdealOpeningSwitch	Ideal electrical opener
IdealClosingSwitch	Ideal electrical closer
ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch	Controlled ideal electrical opener
ControlledIdealClosingSwitch	Controlled ideal electrical closer
OpenerWithArc	Ideal opening switch with simple arc model
CloserWithArc	Ideal closing switch with simple arc model
ControlledOpenerWithArc	Controlled ideal electrical opener with simple arc model
ControlledCloserWithArc	Controlled ideal electrical closer with simple arc model
IdealTriac	Ideal triac, based on ideal thyristors
AD_Converter	Simple n-bit analog to digital converter
DA_Converter	Simple digital to analog converter

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealDiode

Ideal diode

Information

This is an ideal diode, for details see partial model IdealSemiconductor
The diode is conducting if voltage > Vknee.
The diode is locking if current < Vknee*Goff.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSemiconductor (Ideal semiconductor).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealThyristor

Ideal thyristor

Information

This is an ideal thyristor, for details see partial model IdealSemiconductor
The thyristor is conducting if voltage > Vknee AND fire = true.
If fire gets false, the current has to fall below Vknee*Goff, then the thyristor gets locking.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSemiconductor (Ideal semiconductor).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealGTOThyristor

Ideal GTO thyristor

Information

This is an ideal GTO thyristor or switching transistor, for details see partial model IdealSemiconductor
The GTO thyristor is conducting if voltage > Vknee AND fire = true.
Otherwise, the GTO thyristor is locking.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSemiconductor (Ideal semiconductor).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealTwoWaySwitch

Ideal two-way switch

Information

The two-way switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the input signal control. If control is true, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected to the negative pin n1.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealIntermediateSwitch

Ideal intermediate switch

Information

The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the input signal control. If control is true, the pin p1 is connected to the pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n1. Otherwise,if control is false, the pin p1 is connected to n1, and the pin p2 is connected to n2.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.

The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealTwoWaySwitch

Controlled ideal two-way switch

Information

The two-way switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected the negative pin n1.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch

Controlled ideal intermediate switch

Information

The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p1 is connected to pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n1. Otherwise, the pin p1 is connected to the pin n1, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n2.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.

The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmp

Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair)

Information

The ideal OpAmp is a two-port. The left port is fixed to v1=0 and i1=0 (nullator). At the right port both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible (norator).

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmp3Pin

Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair), but 3 pins

Information

The ideal OpAmp with three pins is of exactly the same behaviour as the ideal OpAmp with four pins. Only the negative output pin is left out. Both the input voltage and current are fixed to zero (nullator). At the output pin both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible.

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmpLimited

Ideal operational amplifier with limitation

Information

The ideal OpAmp with limitation behaves like an ideal OpAmp without limitation, if the output voltage is within the limits VMin and VMax. In this case the input voltage vin = in_p.v - in_n.v is zero. If the input voltage vin less than 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMin. If the input voltage is vin larger than 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMax.

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealizedOpAmpLimited

Idealized operational amplifier with limitation

Information

Idealized operational amplifier with saturation:

• Input currents are zero.
• No-load amplification is high (but not infinite).
• Output voltage is limited between positive and negative supply.

Supply voltage is either defined by parameter Vps and Vns or by (optional) pins s_p and s_n.

In the first case the necessary power is drawn from an implicit internal supply, in the second case from the external supply.

If initialization is problematic for a model containing this as a component you can set the homotopyType parameter. Using Linear ignores the saturation initially which simplifies the initialization, and may help if the component is connected with negative feedback; but generally fails if the feedback is positive. Using LowerLimit (or UpperLimit) gives a fixed value within the saturation bounds, which works with positive feedback. However, it does not work if the intent is to initialize the input to give a specific output.

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealTransformer

Ideal transformer core with or without magnetization

Information

The ideal transformer is a two-port circuit element; in case of Boolean parameter considerMagnetization = false it is characterized by the following equations:

i2 = -i1*n;
v2 =  v1/n;

where n is a real number called the turns ratio. Due to this equations, also DC voltages and currents are transformed - which is not the case for technical transformers.

In case of Boolean parameter considerMagnetization = true it is characterized by the following equations:

im1  = i1 + i2/n "Magnetizing current w.r.t. primary side";
psim1= Lm1*im1   "Magnetic flux w.r.t. primary side";
v1 = der(psim1)  "Primary voltage";
v2 = v1/n        "Secondary voltage";

where Lm denotes the magnetizing inductance. Due to this equations, the DC offset of secondary voltages and currents decrement according to the time constant defined by the connected circuit.

Taking primary L1sigma and secondary L2ssigma leakage inductances into account, compared with the basic transformer the following parameter conversion can be applied (which leads to identical results):

L1 = L1sigma + M*n "Primary inductance at secondary no-load";
L2 = L2sigma + M/n "Secondary inductance at primary no-load";
M  = Lm1/n         "Mutual inductance";

For the backward conversion, one has to decide about the partitioning of the leakage to primary and secondary side.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.TwoPort (Component with two electrical ports, including current).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.Idle

Idle branch

Information

The model Idle is a simple idle running branch. That means between both pins no current is running. This ideal device is of no influence on the circuit. Therefore, it can be neglected in each case. For purposes of completeness this component is part of the MSL, as an opposite of the short cut.

Extends from Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n).

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.Short

Short cut branch

Information

The model Short is a simple short cut branch. That means the voltage drop between both pins is zero. This device could be neglected if both pins are combined to one node. Besides connecting the nodes of both pins this device has no further function.

Extends from Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n).

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpeningSwitch

Ideal electrical opener

Information

The switching behaviour of the ideal opening switch is controlled by the input signal control: off = control.
For further details, see partial model IdealSwitch.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitch (Ideal electrical switch).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealClosingSwitch

Ideal electrical closer

Information

The switching behaviour of the ideal closing switch is controlled by the input signal control: off = not control.
For further details, see partial model IdealSwitch.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitch (Ideal electrical switch).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch

Controlled ideal electrical opener

Information

The switching behaviour of the controlled ideal opening switch is controlled by the control pin: off = control.v > level
For further details, see partial model IdealSwitch.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitch (Ideal electrical switch).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealClosingSwitch

Controlled ideal electrical closer

Information

The switching behaviour of the controlled ideal closing switch is controlled by the control pin: off = control.v < level
For further details, see partial model IdealSwitch.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitch (Ideal electrical switch).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.OpenerWithArc

Ideal opening switch with simple arc model

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealOpeningSwitch.

For details of the arc effect, see partial model IdealSwitchWithArc.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitchWithArc (Ideal switch with simple arc model).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.CloserWithArc

Ideal closing switch with simple arc model

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealClosingSwitch.

For details of the arc effect, see partial model IdealSwitchWithArc.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitchWithArc (Ideal switch with simple arc model).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledOpenerWithArc

Controlled ideal electrical opener with simple arc model

Information

This model is an extension to the ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch.

For details of the arc effect, see partial model IdealSwitchWithArc.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitchWithArc (Ideal switch with simple arc model).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledCloserWithArc

Controlled ideal electrical closer with simple arc model

Information

This model is an extension to the ControlledIdealClosingSwitch.

For details of the arc effect, see partial model IdealSwitchWithArc.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.IdealSwitchWithArc (Ideal switch with simple arc model).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealTriac

Ideal triac, based on ideal thyristors

Information

This is an ideal triac model based on an ideal thyristor model.

Two ideal thyristors (Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealThyristor) are contrarily connected in parallel and additionally eliminated interference with a resistor (Rdis=100) and a capacitor (Cdis=0.005), which are connected in series.

The electrical component triac (TRIode Alternating Current switch) is, due to whose complex structure, a multifunctional applicable construction unit. The application area of this element is the manipulation of alternating current signals in frequency, voltage and/or current and also general blocking or filtering. However, compared to a thyristor the triac is only applied for substantial lesser currents, what is justified by whose sensitive structure. Generally one is limited to maximal voltages from 800 volt and currents from 40 ampere. For comparison maximal voltages of a thyristor are 8.000 volt and currents 5.000 ampere.

Structure and functionality:

Functionality of a triac is in principle the same like functionality of a thyristor, even connecting through of current starting from a certain voltage (knee voltage), but only if the current at anode and cathode is caused by a impulse current in the gate electrode. In case of the triac this process is also possible with reverse polarity, wherefore it is possible to control both half-waves of alternating currents. By means of gate electrodes, which are connected in a triac and why only one gate electrode is necessary, the point of time can be determined, at which the triac lets the alternating current signal pass. Thereby it is possible to affect the phase, at which the alternating current signal is cut. One speaks also of phase-angle control. Also depending on doping and specific structure knee voltage and maximal current carrying are alterable.

Characteristics:

• high switching times between on-state and off state up to activation of the reverse current phase
• gate electrode are activated with (positive) impulse (called thyristor/triac firing), after firing thyristor path holds itself in state of low resistance or conductive state up to holding voltage is fallen below, it follows change to off state and next thyristor path can fire
• in particular by switching of inductive components triacs generate harmonic waves, whose frequency ranges into broadcast sector and could there cause transmission disturbances; therefore triacs have to eliminate interference by inductors and capacitors

Applications:

• any stepless exposure (dimmer)
• engine speed adjustment of electric motors
• further applications of phase-angle control (power electronics)
• power packs

As an additional information: this model is based on the Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealThyristor.

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.AD_Converter

Simple n-bit analog to digital converter

Information

Simple analog to digital converter with a variable resolution of n bits. It converts the input voltage ppin.v-npin.v to an n-vector of type Logic (9-valued logic according to IEEE 1164 STD_ULOGIC). The input resistance between positive and negative pin is determined by Rin. Further effects (like input capacities) have to be modeled outside the converter, since this should be a general model.

The input signal range (VRefLo,VRefHi) is divided into 2^n-1 equally spaced stages of length Vlsb:=(VRefHi-VRefLo)/(2^n-1). The output signal is the binary code of k as long as the input voltage takes values in the k-th stage, namely in the range from Vlsb*(k-0.5) to m*(k+0.5). This is called mid-tread operation. Additionally the output can only change its value if the trigger signal trig of type Logic changes to '1' (forced or weak).

The output vector is a 'little-endian'. i.e., that the first bit y[1] is the least significant one (LSB).

This is an abstract model of an ADC. Therefore, it can not cover the dynamic behaviour of the converter. Hence the output will change instantaneously when the trigger signal rises.

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.DA_Converter

Simple digital to analog converter

Information

Simple digital to analog converter with a variable input signal width of N bits. The input signal is an N-vector of type Logic (9-valued logic according to IEEE 1164 STD_ULOGIC). The output voltage of value y is generated by an ideal voltage source. The output can only change if the trigger signal trig of type Logic changes to '1' (forced or weak). In this case, the output voltage is calculated in the following way:

     N
y = SUM ( x[i]*2^(i-1) )*Vref/(2^N-1),
    i=1

where x[i], i=1,...,N is 1 or 0. and Vref is the reference value. Therefore, the first bit in the input vector x[1] is the least significant one (LSB) and x[N] is the most significant bit (MSB).

This is an abstract model of a DAC. Hence, it can not cover the dynamic behaviour of the converter. Therefore the output will change instantaneously when the trigger signal rises.

Parameters

Connectors