This information is part of the Modelica Standard Library maintained by the Modelica Association.

Only a few components of the Rotational library use the der(…) operator and are therefore candidates to have states. Most important, component Inertia defines the absolute rotation angle and the absolute angular velocity of this component as candidate for states. In the "Advanced" menu the built-in StateSelect enumeration can be set to define the priority to use these variables as states. Without further action, in most cases a tool will select these variables as states.

For positioning drive trains where the goal is to position a load (e.g. the drive train of a robot, or of an elevator), the absolute angles of the components are bounded, and the issue discussed below is not present.

For drive trains where the goal is to control the velocity of a load (e.g. the drive train of a vehicle or the crank angle of an engine), the absolute angles of the components are quickly increasing during operation. This is critical, because then the step size control of time integrators might no longer work appropriately.

Integrators with step size control adjust their time step size automatically to meet user defined error bounds ("tolerances"). Typically the local error estimate EST_i is compared with a mixed bound for absolute and relative errors.

EST_i ≤ abstol_i + reltol_i*|x_i|

Here, abstol_i and reltol_i denote the bounds for the absolute and relative error of state variable x_i, respectively. This mixed error bound is used since it is more robust than a pure relative error based error bound if the nominal value x_i is (very) close to 0. In a Modelica simulation model, typically the same relative tolerance reltol is used for all states and the absolute tolerances are computed using the relative tolerance and the nominal values of the states:

reltol_i = reltol
abstol_i = reltol*x_i(nominal)*0.01

This error control fails if the state variable x_i grows without bounds (such as for a drive train or the crank angle of a vehicle), since then the allowed error also grows without bounds. The effect is that the error control on this variable is practically switched off. The correct way to handle this would be to set reltol_i = 0 on such a state variable and only use an absolute tolerance for the step size control.

At the time of the library design, there was not yet a possibility to provide this information in Modelica. In order to reduce this effect, it is advisable to not use absolute angles, but relative angles as states. A user can define relative variables as states explicitly with component RelativeStates. Furthermore, all compliant components, such as SpringDamper are defining the relative angle and the relative angular velocity as preferred states. Therefore, a tool will select in most cases relative angles as states.

The relative angles of compliant components are usually small. For example, the deformation of a typical elastic component is in the order of 1e-4 rad. Without further action, the error control would not work properly on variables that are so small (so often switching the error control off). The remedy is to define explicitly a nominal value on the relative angle. This definition is provided in the "Advanced" menu of the compliant components with parameter "phi_nominal". The default value is 1e-4 rad, to be in the order of a compliant deformation of a drive. For some components, like a Clutch, this might be too small and a value of phi_nominal = 1 rad might be more appropriate (a value of phi_nominal = 1e-4 rad does not hurt, but just makes the error control unnecessarily stringent).