Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.UsersGuide

This library contains components for modelling of electromagnetic fundamental wave models for the application in polyphase electric machines. The number of phases is not restricted to three. DC machines are (currently) not included in this library. The FundamentalWave library is an alternative approach to the Modelica.Electrical.Machines library. A great advantage of this library is the strict object orientation of the electrical and magnetic components that the electric machines models are composed of. From a didactic point of view this library is very beneficial for students in the field of electrical engineering.

For more details see the concept.

Note

• All the machine models provided in this library are equivalent two pole machines. The magnetic potential difference of the connector therefore also refers to an equivalent two pole machine
• In machines with more than three-phases only effects of currents and voltages on the magnetic fundamental waves are considered. Other magnetic effects due to higher harmonic are not taken into account.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

Package Content

Name	Description
Concept	Fundamental wave concept
Polyphase	Polyphase windings
Parameters	Parameters of equivalent machines models
Contact	Contact
ReleaseNotes	Release Notes
References	References

Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.UsersGuide.Concept

Overview of the concept of fundamental waves

The exact magnetic field in the air gap of an electric machine is usually determined by an electromagnetic finite element analysis. The waveform of the magnetic field, e.g., the magnetic potential difference , consists of a spatial fundamental wave - with respect to an equivalent two pole machine - and additional harmonic waves of different order. The fundamental wave is however dominant in the air gap of an electric machine.

Fig. 1: Field lines of a four pole induction machine

In the fundamental wave theory only a pure sinusoidal distribution of magnetic quantities is assumed. It is thus assumed that all other harmonic wave effects are not taken into account.

Fig. 2: Magnetic potential difference of a four pole machine, where is the angle of the spatial domain with respect to one pole pair

The waveforms of the magnetic field quantities, e.g., the magnetic potential difference , can be represented by complex phasor, e.g., according to:

It is important to note that the magnetic potential used in this library always refers to an equivalent two pole machine.

Fig. 3: Spatial distribution of the magnetic potential difference (red shade = positive sine wave, blue shade = negative sine wave) including complex phasor representing this spatial distribution

The potential and flow quantities of this library are the complex magnetic potential difference and the complex magnetic flux as defined in the basic magnetic port. Due to the sinusoidal distribution of magnetic potential and flux, such a complex phasor representation can be used. This way, the FundamentalWave library can be seen as a spatial extension of the FluxTubes library.

The specific arrangement of windings in electric machines with pole pairs give rise to sinusoidal dominant magnetic potential wave. The spatial period of this wave is determined by one pole pair [Mueller70, Spaeth73].

The main components of an electric machine model based on the FundamentalWave library are polyphase and single-phase windings, air gap as well as symmetric or salient cage models. The electric machine models provided in this library are based on symmetrical windings in the stator and equivalent two-phase or three-phase windings in squirrel cage rotors. Slip ring induction machines may have different phase numbers in the stator and rotor.

Assumptions

The machine models of the FundamentalWave library are currently based on the following assumptions

• The number of stator phases is greater or equal to three [Eckhardt82]
• The phase windings are assumed to be symmetrical; an extension to this approach can be considered
• Only fundamental wave effects are taken into account
• The magnetic potential difference refers to an equivalent two pole machine
• There are no restrictions on the waveforms of voltages and currents
• All resistances and inductances are modeled as constant quantities; saturation effects, cross coupling effects [Li07], temperature dependency of resistances and deep bar effects could be considered in an extension to this library
• Hysteresis losses are currently not considered [Haumer09]
• The losses dissipated in the electric machine models are
  • ohmic heat losses,
  • eddy current losses in the stator core,
  • stray load losses,
  • friction losses.

Note

The term fundamental wave refers to spatial waves of the electromagnetic quantities. This library has no limitations with respect to the waveforms of the time domain signals of any voltages, currents, etc.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.UsersGuide.Polyphase

Symmetrical three-phase system

Symmetrical three-phases systems of currents (or voltages) consists of three sinusoidal sine waves with an angular displacement of .

,

Electrical three-phase machines have (usually) symmetrical three-phase windings which excite spatial magnetic potential with a spacial displacement of - with respect to the fundamental wave, see [Laughton02]. Such a symmetrical three-phase system of currents (or voltages) can be represented by phasors, as depicted in Fig. 1(a). The associated three-phase winding is depicted in Fig. 2(a). The winding axis are displaced by :

So there is a strong coherence between angular displacement in the time and spatial domain which also applies to polyphase systems.

Fig. 1: Symmetrical (a) three-phase and (b) five-phase current system

Fig. 2: Symmetrical (a) three-phase and (b) five-phase winding

Symmetrical polyphase system

In symmetrical polyphase systems odd and even phase numbers have to be distinguished.

Odd number of phases

For a symmetrical polyphase system with phases the displacement in the time and spatial domain is , as depicted in Fig. 1 and 2.

Mathematically, this symmetry is expressed in terms of phase currents by:

The orientation of the winding axis of such winding is given by:

Even number of phases

In the current implementation of the FundamentalWave library, phase numbers equal to the power of two are not supported. However, any other polyphase system with even an phase number, , can be recursively split into various symmetrical systems with odd phase numbers, as depicted in Fig. 3 and 4. The displacement between the two symmetrical systems is . A function for calculating the symmetricOrientation is available.

Fig. 3: Symmetrical (a) six and (b) ten phase current system

Fig. 4: Symmetrical (a) six and (b) ten phase winding

Note

In a fully symmetrical machine, the orientation of the winding axes and the symmetrical currents (or voltages) phasors have different signs; see Fig. 1 and 2 for odd phase numbers and Fig. 3 and 4 for even phase numbers.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.UsersGuide.Parameters

Stator main inductance

The stator main inductance of an phase induction machine is related with the self inductance of on stator phase, , by:

Parameters of equivalent polyphase induction machines models

Assume a set parameters, , , , , of a three-phase induction machine and a set of parameters, , , , , of an phase induction machine. It is also assumed that

• the nominal phase voltages
• the nominal stator frequencies

of the three and phase induction machine are equal. In this case the two parameter sets are related by:

This way the same torque is generated and the machine currents are related by:

The same applies for the rotor parameters of a slip ring induction machine, where the phase number is simply replaced by for transforming equivalent three-phase to phase winding parameters -- at the same nominal rotor voltage and frequency.

See also

IMC_DOL_Polyphase, IMS_Start_Polyphase, SMPM_Inverter_Polyphase, SMEE_Generator_Polyphase, SMR_Inverter_Polyphase

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.UsersGuide.Contact

Library officers

Dr. Christian Kral
Electric Machines, Drives and Systems
A-1060 Vienna, Austria
email: dr.christian.kral@gmail.com

Anton Haumer
Technical Consulting & Electrical Engineering
D-93049 Regensburg, Germany
email: a.haumer@haumer.at

Acknowledgements

Based on an original idea of Michael Beuschel this library was developed [Beuschel00]. The authors of the FundamentalWave library would like to thank Michael Beuschel for contributing his source code to this library.

The research leading to version 2.0.0 has received funding from the ENIAC Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 270693-2 and from the Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft mbH under project no. 829420.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Contact (Icon for contact information).

Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.UsersGuide.ReleaseNotes

Version 3.2.3, 2019-01-23

• Fixed propagation of excitation leakage factor, see #2403
• Added model of electrical excited synchronous machines, starting direct on line, see #2388
• Unified communication interval, see #2279
• Unified simulation tolerances, see #2278
• Added more examples from Machines.Examples, see #2276
• Replace wrong permeance image in documentation according to #2208
• Added obsolete annotation to SymmetricMultiPhaseCageWinding_obsolete and SaliencyCageWinding_obsolete, see #1536
• Updated documentation of Short, Idle and PermanentMagnet
• Added new components:
  • Crossing
  • Permeance
• Removed parameter text from icon layer for reluctance and permeance model
• Restructured cage models with reluctance instead of inductance model according to ticket #1536; the re-structuring of the model required to change the initial conditions of the included examples, since the number of rotor states is reduced by new implementation
• Some more bug fixes according to #1226, since not all reference orientations have been correct
• Added variables for magnitude and argument of complex magnetic potential difference and flux, see #1405

Version 3.2.1, 2013-07-31

• Bug fix of wrong orientation of squirrel and damper cage models, see ticket #1226; this also includes the removal of the rotor cage heat sensor which previously has been used
• Bug fix of conditional initialization of examples, see ticket #1223
• Fixed missing default parameter TpmOperational in ambient of PM synchronous machine, see ticket #1216#1216
• Added voltages, currents, complex flux and magnetic potential difference as global variables in polyphase converter
• Added two more component examples, showing the equivalent nature of electrical and magnetic domain

Version 2.0.0, 2013-03-10

• Corrected wrong parameter descriptions, see ticket #1003
• Extended machine models towards phase numbers to greater or equal than three, see ticket #990

Version 1.7.3, 2013-02-25

• Corrected wrong parameter description

Version 1.7.2, 2011-06-28

• Corrected bug in calculation of core conductance in SymmetricPolyphaseWinding: the wrong calculation G=(m/2)*GcRef/effectiveTurns^2 is now replaced by G=(m/2)*GcRef*effectiveTurns^2

Version 1.7.1, 2010-09-03

• Naming and documentation of PartialTwoPort is exchanged by PartialTwoPortElementary to match the naming conventions of Rotational.Interfaces and Translational.Interfaces
• Fixed a broken link and updated documentation
• Adaptions to Complex SIunits

Version 1.7.0, 2010-05-31

• Changed symmetric polyphase winding model
  • Added zero sequence inductance based on zero inductor
  • Replaced electrical model of stray inductor by stray reluctance model
  • Integrated cores losses and heat port
• Added rotor core loss parameters in induction machine with slip rings
• Renamed heat ports of single-phase winding and symmetric polyphase winding
• Relocated core losses between zero inductor and stray reluctance model in the magnetic domain
• Renamed instances of stator and rotor (winding) models in each machines
• Added magnetic potential sensor
• Removed state selections
• Updates due to changed loss variable and heat port names in Electrical.Machines
• Added machine specific output records to summarize power and loss balance
• Updated images of Users Guide
• Improved performance due to annotation(Evaluate=true) added to the parameters of the single-phase winding
• Reduced number of states in symmetric cage model by introducing an additional non-grounded star connection

Version 1.6.0, 2010-05-05

• Renamed all parameters windingAngle to orientation. The following classes are affected:
  • SinglePhaseElectroMagneticConverter
  • PolyphaseElectroMagneticConverter
  • SinglePhaseWinding
  • symmetricOrientation
• Update due to changed class names in Machines.Icons
• Using HeatTransfer.Interfaces.PartialElementaryConditionalHeatPort instead of Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort in EddyCurrent
• Added modelica:// to all Modelica hyper links
• Fixed bug in displayed parameters of EddyCurrent
• Updated some images (and renamed image file LossPower.png to lossPower.png)
• Exchanged positive and negative stator ports of RotorSaliencyAirGap model, adapted equations accordingly and updated code documentation.

Version 1.5.0, 2010-04-28

• Added stator core, friction, stray load and brush losses to all machine types based on loss models of the Machines library.
• Changed parameter of EddyCurrent model from R to G
• Fixed wrong sign of internal quantity tauElectrical, model behavior does not change
• Rewrote equations of electromagnetic coupling to look more elegant

Version 1.4.0, 2010-04-22

• Added eddy current model in accordance to FluxTubes library
• Added thermal heat port to eddy current model
• Minor updates due to dependencies of Machines

Version 1.3.0, 2010-02-26

• Changed some icon references
• Added state selections for the machine models
• Restructured partial machine model
• Added copyright information

Version 1.2.0, 2010-02-17

• Renamed Machines to BasicMachines
• Updated dependencies due to renamed class LinearTemperatureCoefficient20
• Added release notes in User's Guide

Version 1.1.0, 2010-02-15

• Added thermal connectors and temperature dependent resistances

Version 1.0.0, 2010-02-04

• Integrated the library into the MSL

Version 0.4.0, 2009-10-29

• Corrected bug in magnetic potential calculation

Version 0.3.0, 2009-10-28

• Renamed number of turns and winding angles

Version 0.2.0, 2009-10-20

• Added idle model

Version 0.1.0, 2009-07-22

• First version based on the concept of the FluxTubes library and the Magnetics library of Michael Beuschel [Beuschel00]

Extends from Modelica.Icons.ReleaseNotes (Icon for release notes in documentation).

Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.UsersGuide.References

References

Extends from Modelica.Icons.References (Icon for external references).