Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.UsersGuide

This library contains components for modelling of electromagnetic devices with lumped magnetic networks. Those models are suited for both rough design of the magnetic subsystem of a device as well as for efficient dynamic simulation at system level together with neighbouring subsystems. At present, components and examples for modelling of translatory electromagnetic and electrodynamic actuators are provided. If needed, these components can be adapted to network modelling of rotational electrical machines.

This user's guide gives a short introduction to the underlying concept of magnetic flux tubes, summarizes the calculation of magnetic reluctance forces from lumped magnetic network models and lists reference literature.

Examples illustrates the usage of magnetic network models with simple models from different fields of application.

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Package Content

Name	Description
FluxTubeConcept	Flux tube concept
ReluctanceForceCalculation	Reluctance forces
Hysteresis	Hysteresis
Literature	Literature
ReleaseNotes	Release Notes
Contact	Contact

Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.UsersGuide.FluxTubeConcept

Overview of the Concept of Magnetic Flux Tubes

Following below, the concept of magnetic flux tubes is outlined in short. For a detailed description of flux tube elements, please have a look at the listed literature. Magnetic flux tubes enable for modeling of magnetic fields with lumped networks. The figure below and the following equations illustrate the transition from the original magnetic field quantities described by Maxwell's equations to network elements with a flow variable and an across variable:

For a region with an approximately homogeneous distribution of the magnetic field strength H and the magnetic flux density B through cross sectional area A at each length coordinate s (A perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field lines), a magnetic reluctance R_m can be defined:

With the definition of the magnetic potential difference V_m as an across variable and the magnetic flux Φ as flow variable, a reluctance element R_m can be defined similar to resistive network elements in other physical domains. Using Maxwell's constitutive equation

the general formula for the calculation of a magnetic reluctance R_m from its geometric and material properties is:

For a prismatic or cylindrical volume of length l and cross sectional area A with the magnetic flux entering and leaving the region through its end planes, the above equation simplifies to:

Similar equations can be derived for other geometries. In cases where a direct integration is not possible, the reluctance can be calculated on base of average length, average cross sectional area and volume V respectively:

Network elements for sources of a magnetic potential difference or magnetomotive force, i.e., coils or permanent magnets can be formulated as well. The resulting magnetic network models of actuators reflect the main dimensions of these devices as well as the normally nonlinear characteristics of their magnetically active materials.

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Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.UsersGuide.ReluctanceForceCalculation

Calculation of reluctance forces from lumped magnetic network models

Generally, the thrust F developed by a translatory electro-magneto-mechanical actuator (similar for the rotational case with torque and angular position) is equal to the change of magnetic co-energy W_m^* with armature position x according to

(Ψ flux linkage, i actuator current). In lumped magnetic network models, the above equation simplifies to

where n_linear is the number of flux tube elements with constant relative permeability that change its permeance G_{m i} with armature position (index i), V_{m i} the magnetic voltage across each respective flux tube and dG_{m i}/dx the derivative of the respective permeances with respect to armature position. Transition from the general formula based on magnetic co-energy to the latter one is outlined in [KEQ+12] for the reciprocal of the permeance, i.e., for the magnetic reluctance R_m. Note that

with Φ_i being the magnetic flux through each respective flux tube element.

Flux tube elements with non-linear material characteristics μ_r(B) in magnetic network models do not restrict the usability of the above equation. However, it is required that these nonlinear flux tube elements do not change its shape with armature motion (e.g., portion of a solenoid plunger where the magnetic flux passes through in axial direction). This limitation is not a strong one, since the permeance of nonlinear, but highly permeable ferromagnetic flux tube elements and its change with armature position compared to that of air gap flux tubes can be neglected in most cases. Because of this constraint, the dimensions of possibly nonlinear flux tube elements in sub-package Shapes.FixedShape are fixed, whereas the dimension in direction of motion of the linear flux tube elements in sub-package Shapes.Force can vary during simulation. For the flux tubes defined in this package with their rather simple shapes, the derivative dG_m/dx is given analytically. For more complex shapes and variations of dimensions with armature motion, it must be provided analytically during model development, preferably by extending the partial model BaseClasses.Force.

The sub-package Shapes.Leakage contains flux tube shapes typical for leakage flux around prismatic or cylindrical poles. Since the permeance of these flux tubes does not change with armature position, they do not contribute to a reluctance actuator's thrust.

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Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.UsersGuide.Literature

Literature

• Usage of the Modelica Magnetic library is described in:
  

  [Bö08]

  Bödrich, T.: Electromagnetic Actuator Modelling with the Extended Modelica Magnetic Library, Modelica 2008 Conference, Bielefeld, Germany,pp. 221-227, March 3-4, 2008. Download from: https://www.modelica.org/events/modelica2008/­Proceedings/sessions/session2d2.pdf

  
  
• The method of magnetic flux tubes as well as derivation of the permeance of many flux tube shapes is explained in detail in:
  

  [Ro41]

  Roters, H.: Electromagnetic Devices, New York: John Wiley & Sons 1941 (8th Printing 1961)

  
  
• Structure, properties, applications and design of electromagnetic (reluctance type) actuators are thoroughly described in:
  

  [KEQ+12]	Kallenbach, E.; Eick, R.; Quendt, P.; Ströhla, T.; Feindt, K.; Kallenbach, M.; Radler, O.: Elektromagnete: Grundlagen, Berechnung, Entwurf und Anwendung, 3rd ed., Wiesbaden: Vieweg Teubner 2008 (in German).
  [Ro00]	Roschke, T.: Entwurf geregelter elektromagnetischer Antriebe für Luftschütze, Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 21, Nr. 293, Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag 2000 (in German).

  
  
• Application of the method of magnetic flux tubes to the design of rotational electrical machines is explained for example in:
  

  [HM94]

  Hendershot, J.R. Jr.; Miller, T.J.E.: Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors, Magna Physics Publishing and Oxford University Press 1994.

  
  
• Information related to the implemented hysteresis models can be found in:
  

  [BE01]	Bergqvist, A. J.; Engdahl, S. G.: A Homogenization Procedure of Field Quantities in Laminated Electric Steel, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.37, no.5, pp.3329-3331, 2001.
  [Te98]	Tellinen, J: A simple scalar model for magnetic hysteresis, IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan, vol.4, no.6, pp.353-359, 1989.
  [Pr35]	Preisach, F.: Über die magnetische Nachwirkung, Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, vol. 94, pp. 277-302, 1935.
  [Ma03]	Mayergoyz, I.: Mathematical Models of Hysteresis and their Application, Elsevier, 2003.
  [Va01]	VAC Vacuumschmelze: Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron-Alloys, 2001. Download from: https://vacuumschmelze.com/Assets/Cobalt-Iron%20Alloys.pdf
  [YUY89]	Yamaguchi, T.; Ueda, F.; Yamamoto, E.: Simulation of Hysteresis Characteristics of Core Materials Using the Everett Function, IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan, vol.4, no.6, pp.353-359, 1989.
  [ZB12]	Ziske, J.; Bödrich, T.: Magnetic Hysteresis Models for Modelica, Proc. of the 9th Modelica Conference, Munich, Germany, pp. 151-158, September 3-5, 2012. Download from: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/­076/014/ecp12076014.pdf
  [ZB14]	Ziske, J.; Bödrich, T.: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/096/017/ecp14096017.pdf, Proc. of the 10th Modelica Conference, Lund, Sweden, pp. 165-172, March 10-12, 2014. Download from: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/­096/017/ecp14096017.pdf

  
  

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Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.UsersGuide.ReleaseNotes

Version 3.2.2, 2014-12-05 (Johannes Ziske, Thomas Bödrich)

• Added package FluxTubes.UsersGuide.Hysteresis
• Added package FluxTubes.Examples.Hysteresis
• Added package FluxTubes.Shapes.HysteresisAndMagnets
• Added package FluxTubes.Material.HysteresisEverettParameter
• Added package FluxTubes.Material.HysteresisTableData
• Updated FluxTubes.BaseClasses.FixedShape for differentiability
• Updated FluxTubes.UsersGuide.Literature

Version 3.2.2, 2014-01-15 (Christian Kral)

• Added constant permeance model
• Added GenericFluxTube
• Added parameter useConductance including alternative parameterization in EddyCurrent
• Added Idle
• Added Short
• Added Crossing

Version 1.5, 2013-01-04 (Martin Otter, Thomas Bödrich, Johannes Ziske)

• Added missing initial conditions
• Fixed initial parameter values

Version 1.4, 2011-08-01 (Thomas Bödrich)

• MagneticPort declared with MagneticPotential instead of MagneticPotentialDifference

Version 1.3, 2010-04-22 (Christian Kral)

• Added conditional heat port to EddyCurrent model

Version 1.2, 2009-08-11 (Christian Kral, Anton Haumer, Thomas Bödrich, Martin Otter)

• Update and improvement for inclusion in the Modelica Standard Library

Version 1.1, 2009-05-19 (Thomas Bödrich)

• Coupling coefficient in Basic.ElectroMagneticConverter removed
• Basic.EddyCurrent added
• Example MovingCoilActuator, especially PermeanceModel, completely revised
• Leakage coefficient replaced by coupling coefficient in Basic.LeakageWithCoefficient
• Utilities.CoilDesign: parameter U renamed to V_op,CoilDesign moved to Utilities.
• Reference direction for magnetic flux added in all sources
• degC replaced by K for compatibility with Modelica 3.0
• redeclare in Sensors for compatibility with Modelica 3.0 removed
• Partial flux tube components moved to Interfaces and basic elements moved to new package Basic

Version 1,0, 2007-10-11 (Thomas Bödrich)

• Release of version 1.0 of the library

2005 (Thomas Bödrich)

• First release of a Modelica magnetic library

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Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.UsersGuide.Contact

Main authors

Thomas Bödrich
Dresden University of Technology
Institute of Electromechanical and Electronic Design
01062 Dresden, Germany
Phone: +49 - 351 - 463 36296
Fax: +49 - 351 - 463 37183
email: Thomas.Boedrich@tu-dresden.de

Johannes Ziske
Dresden University of Technology
Institute of Electromechanical and Electronic Design
01062 Dresden, Germany
Phone: +49 - 351 - 463 35250
Fax: +49 - 351 - 463 37183
email: Johannes.Ziske@tu-dresden.de

Acknowledgements

• The magnetisation characteristics of the included soft magnetic materials were compiled and measured respectively by Thomas Roschke, now with Johnson Electric. Provision of this data is highly appreciated. He also formulated the approximation function used for description of the magnetisation characteristics of these materials.
• André Klick of then Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany gave valuable support on the implementation of this library. His contribution is highly appreciated, too.
• The hysteresis models of this library have been developed by Johannes Ziske and Thomas Bödrich as part of the Clean Sky JTI project; project number: 296369; Theme: JTI-CS-2011-1-SGO-02-026; MOMOLIB - Modelica Model Library Development for Media, Magnetic Systems and Wavelets. The partial financial support by the European Union for this development is highly appreciated.

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